Can driving-simulation training enhance visual attention, executive functions and physical abilities in older adults?

Background: Computerized training using a driving simulator offers an ecologically valid training approach; it was shown to enhance real-life driving performance. Several studies showed that cognitive speed of processing training had a positive influence on driving performance. We used the reverse approach to test influence of driving training on cognitive and physical functions. Methods: Thirty-seven healthy older men and women between 65 and 80 years (mean age: 71.46 ±4.09 years) without neurological diseases by self-report participated in a driving simulator training or served as controls. The simulator consisted of three monitors, steering wheel, pedals, and gear shift, and was run by software from Carnetsoft© BV in Groningen. Before and after four week of training (three times per week), we assessed participants’ visual attention (Attention Window test, Precue test, D2 test), executive functions (Grid Span test, Switching test) and physical abilities (Timed Up-and-Go test). Results: Compared to the control group, the training group showed a significant improvement in the Attention Window test. There were no significant group differences in other cognitive or in physical tests. Conclusion: Driving simulation training improved one aspect of visual attention but had no influence on other cognitive or on physical abilities. Training benefits therefore were quite selective.