Illicit organogenesis: Methods and substances of doping and manipulation

Doping and manipulation are undesirable companions of professional and amateur sport. Numerous adverse analytical findings as well as confessions of athletes have demonstrated the variety of doping agents and methods as well as the inventiveness of cheating sportsmen. Besides 'conventional' misuse of drugs such as erythropoietin and insulins, experts fear that therapeutics that are currently undergoing clinical trials might be part of current or future doping regimens, which aim for an increased functionality and performance or organs and tissues. Emerging drugs such as selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) complex stabilizers or modulators of muscle fiber calcium channels are considered relevant for current and future doping controls due to their high potential for misuse in sports.