TY - BOOK
T1 - Impacts of isoflavones and physical activity on skeletal muscle anabolic adaptation and fatty acid metabolism
AU - Zheng, Wenya
PY - 2017
Y1 - 2017
N2 - Introduction: Menopause transition often leads to an imbalance homeostasis of skeletal muscle and energy in females. Consequently, elderly women are at higher risks in developing sarcropenia, osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome related diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The loss of skeletal muscle mass is associated with a loss of strength but also with the development of metabolic syndrome. Isoflavones (ISOs) and physical activity have shown some beneficial impacts on alleviating the changes that happen in postmenopausal women. Therefore, the major objectives of this study were to examine effects and underlying mechanisms of ISOs, training and the combined intervention on modulating muscle anabolic adaptation and fatty acid metabolism which are interfered by estrogen decline in females through both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods: In the animal experiment, female Wistar rats were assigned to six groups: (1) ovary intact (Sham); (2) Sham-operated rats with exercise (Sham+T); (3) ovariectomized (OVX) rats; (4) OVX+T; (5) OVX with an ISO enriched diet (OVX+ISO); (6) OVX+ISO+T. Rats with training were trained 10 min/time, twice/day, a rest day every four days on a treadmill with an incline of 25° for 61 days and a gradually increasing velocity from 12 to 20 m/min. In addition, two different diets, an ISO depleted diet (4 mg ISO aglycone equivalent/kg diet) and an ISO enriched diet (479 mg ISO aglycone equivalent/kg diet), were used to feed the rats. Sizes of cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of soleus muscle, gastrocnemius muscle as well as adipose tissue were determined by histochemical methods. Serum leptin and IGF-1 levels were measured by ELISA kits and serum lipids were analyzed by colorimetry. In addition, trabecular bone mineral content (Tb.BMC) and trabecular bone mineral density (Tb.BMD) were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Moreover, gene and protein expression related to skeletal muscle anabolic adaptation or fatty acid metabolism was investigated by real-time PCR and western blot. In the cell culture experiment, C2C12 myoblastoma cells were proliferated and differentiated into myotubes. Afterwards, a soy extract (Soy), genistein (Gen), daidzein (Dai), glycitein (Gly), and a mixture of Gen-Dai-Gly (Mix) were used to treat the myotubes. The number and diameters of myotubes were measured under amicroscope. In addition, the mRNA and protein expressions related to muscle anabolic activity were analyzed.Results: In the animal experiment, OVX in rats resulted in decreases of relative gastrocnemius muscle weight and bone mass. Meanwhile, body weight, fat mass, leptin and lipid levels were increased by OVX. The training effectively antagonized the effects by decreasing visceral fat mass, adipocyte size and leptin. However, ISOs only showed effects on reducing serum leptin. The combination of training and ISOs showed additive effects, reflecting in an increase of relative gastrocnemius muscle weight and a decrease of serum triglyceride level. In the part of this study regarding muscle adaptation, in soleus muscle insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1R, MyoD and Myogenin expressions were only up-regulated by training in Sham groups. However, a stimulation of IGF-1R and MyoD expression could be observed when ISOs and training were combined. In gastrocnemius muscle MyoD and Myogenin expressions were stimulated by either training or ISOs. Additive effects were detected when combining the two interventions. In the part of this study in regard to lipid metabolism, training stimulated the expressions of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis (SREBP-1c and FAS) in adipose tissue, soleus muscle, liver and genes associated with fatty acid oxidation (PPARδ and PGC-1α) in adipose tissue. ISOs stimulated the expression of SREBP-1c and FAS in soleus muscle and PGC-1α in adipose tissue, whereas suppressed hepatic SREBP-1c and FAS expression. Strong additive effects of ISOs combined with training were observed for PPARδ and PGC-1α expressions in soleus muscle. In the C2C12 cell culture experiment, treatment with Soy, Gen and Mix led to a significant increase of myotube diameter and an increase of the number of myotubes per area compared to control group. The increased diameter by Soy was antagonized by antiestrogen ZK 191703 (ZK), whereas not by antiandrogen flutamide (Flut). Furthermore, gene expressions of IGF-1, IGF-1R as well as protein expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) were significantly increased by Soy, Gen, Mix. The effects induced by Gen and Mix were comparable to Soy.Conclusion: The training combined with ISOs could be an effective strategy to promote muscle growth and reduce a risk of developing metabolic syndrome such as obesity for postmenopausal women. The combination of ISOs and exercise is more efficient inincreasing relative skeletal muscle mass and the expression of molecular markers related to anabolic adaptation in the skeletal muscle of female rats. Gen might be the most efficient compound in the soy extract exerting anabolic activity on skeletal muscle growth. Furthermore, the training seems to have a higher impact on visceral fat prevention than dietary ISO intake. Nevertheless, the strongest effects for several of the addressed parameters related to fatty acid metabolism could be observed in the combined group of ISOs and exercise especially in the soleus muscle.
AB - Introduction: Menopause transition often leads to an imbalance homeostasis of skeletal muscle and energy in females. Consequently, elderly women are at higher risks in developing sarcropenia, osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome related diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The loss of skeletal muscle mass is associated with a loss of strength but also with the development of metabolic syndrome. Isoflavones (ISOs) and physical activity have shown some beneficial impacts on alleviating the changes that happen in postmenopausal women. Therefore, the major objectives of this study were to examine effects and underlying mechanisms of ISOs, training and the combined intervention on modulating muscle anabolic adaptation and fatty acid metabolism which are interfered by estrogen decline in females through both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods: In the animal experiment, female Wistar rats were assigned to six groups: (1) ovary intact (Sham); (2) Sham-operated rats with exercise (Sham+T); (3) ovariectomized (OVX) rats; (4) OVX+T; (5) OVX with an ISO enriched diet (OVX+ISO); (6) OVX+ISO+T. Rats with training were trained 10 min/time, twice/day, a rest day every four days on a treadmill with an incline of 25° for 61 days and a gradually increasing velocity from 12 to 20 m/min. In addition, two different diets, an ISO depleted diet (4 mg ISO aglycone equivalent/kg diet) and an ISO enriched diet (479 mg ISO aglycone equivalent/kg diet), were used to feed the rats. Sizes of cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of soleus muscle, gastrocnemius muscle as well as adipose tissue were determined by histochemical methods. Serum leptin and IGF-1 levels were measured by ELISA kits and serum lipids were analyzed by colorimetry. In addition, trabecular bone mineral content (Tb.BMC) and trabecular bone mineral density (Tb.BMD) were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Moreover, gene and protein expression related to skeletal muscle anabolic adaptation or fatty acid metabolism was investigated by real-time PCR and western blot. In the cell culture experiment, C2C12 myoblastoma cells were proliferated and differentiated into myotubes. Afterwards, a soy extract (Soy), genistein (Gen), daidzein (Dai), glycitein (Gly), and a mixture of Gen-Dai-Gly (Mix) were used to treat the myotubes. The number and diameters of myotubes were measured under amicroscope. In addition, the mRNA and protein expressions related to muscle anabolic activity were analyzed.Results: In the animal experiment, OVX in rats resulted in decreases of relative gastrocnemius muscle weight and bone mass. Meanwhile, body weight, fat mass, leptin and lipid levels were increased by OVX. The training effectively antagonized the effects by decreasing visceral fat mass, adipocyte size and leptin. However, ISOs only showed effects on reducing serum leptin. The combination of training and ISOs showed additive effects, reflecting in an increase of relative gastrocnemius muscle weight and a decrease of serum triglyceride level. In the part of this study regarding muscle adaptation, in soleus muscle insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1R, MyoD and Myogenin expressions were only up-regulated by training in Sham groups. However, a stimulation of IGF-1R and MyoD expression could be observed when ISOs and training were combined. In gastrocnemius muscle MyoD and Myogenin expressions were stimulated by either training or ISOs. Additive effects were detected when combining the two interventions. In the part of this study in regard to lipid metabolism, training stimulated the expressions of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis (SREBP-1c and FAS) in adipose tissue, soleus muscle, liver and genes associated with fatty acid oxidation (PPARδ and PGC-1α) in adipose tissue. ISOs stimulated the expression of SREBP-1c and FAS in soleus muscle and PGC-1α in adipose tissue, whereas suppressed hepatic SREBP-1c and FAS expression. Strong additive effects of ISOs combined with training were observed for PPARδ and PGC-1α expressions in soleus muscle. In the C2C12 cell culture experiment, treatment with Soy, Gen and Mix led to a significant increase of myotube diameter and an increase of the number of myotubes per area compared to control group. The increased diameter by Soy was antagonized by antiestrogen ZK 191703 (ZK), whereas not by antiandrogen flutamide (Flut). Furthermore, gene expressions of IGF-1, IGF-1R as well as protein expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) were significantly increased by Soy, Gen, Mix. The effects induced by Gen and Mix were comparable to Soy.Conclusion: The training combined with ISOs could be an effective strategy to promote muscle growth and reduce a risk of developing metabolic syndrome such as obesity for postmenopausal women. The combination of ISOs and exercise is more efficient inincreasing relative skeletal muscle mass and the expression of molecular markers related to anabolic adaptation in the skeletal muscle of female rats. Gen might be the most efficient compound in the soy extract exerting anabolic activity on skeletal muscle growth. Furthermore, the training seems to have a higher impact on visceral fat prevention than dietary ISO intake. Nevertheless, the strongest effects for several of the addressed parameters related to fatty acid metabolism could be observed in the combined group of ISOs and exercise especially in the soleus muscle.
M3 - Dissertations
BT - Impacts of isoflavones and physical activity on skeletal muscle anabolic adaptation and fatty acid metabolism
PB - Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln
CY - Köln
ER -