Individual movement patterns in elite para-sprinters are not aligned with IPC classifications

PURPOSE:
This study aimed to investigate sprint acceleration strategies in para-athletes across seven different IPC classifications and compare them with those in able-bodied (AB) sprinters. In addition, the relationship between movement patterns, IPC classifications and acceleration performance was assessed.

METHODS:
A total of N=23 para-athletes (10 females) and 20 AB athletes (10 females) ranging from highly-trained to world-class level performed standardized 20 m sprints from starting blocks. Spatio-temporal parameters, split-times, and running velocities were measured using photocells and a laser device. Spatio-temporal parameters were normalized to leg length, and z-standardized ratios of step length / frequency (SL/SF ratio) and contact / flight time (CT/FT ratio) were calculated to evaluate individual movement patterns.

RESULTS:
Acceleration performance differed between para-athletes and AB sprinters (3.4 - 21.9%), with additional variation observed among para-athletes across classifications (4.3 - 16.4%). Two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of movement patterns (SL/SF and CT/FT ratios) revealed statistically significant distribution differences (p≤0.05) in 18 of 21 para-athletes compared to others within their IPC classification.

CONCLUSION:
The findings indicate that acceleration strategies among para-sprinters are highly
individual and not strongly aligned with IPC classifications, challenging existing technical models that are primarily based on classification-specific characteristics. Prioritizing individualized approaches over generalized training regimes may advance evidence-based training programs and support the development of data-driven technical models for Paralympic sprint athletes.