Linking decision-making processes and executive functions in young soccer players

Due to the dynamic and variability of a soccer match, players often have to generate options and make decisions under time pressure. It is known that sports experts differ from novices in their cognitive processes and decision-making behaviour (de Oliveira et al., 2014; Musculus et al., 2017; Ward et al., 2003). However, empirical studies on cognitive processes that underlie decision-making behaviour are lacking. Working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibition, i.e., executive functions, seem to play an important role (Best et al., 2009; Roberts et al., 1996). On the basis of previous research, it is expected that younger children show lower abilities in executive functions than older children and that older children will generate fewer options and more frequently choose the first one. It is also expected that increased working memory performance will result in more options generated and improved inhibition performance will result in fewer generated options. A cross-sectional study with 110 soccer players (age 9-13) was conducted. In order to examine option generation and decision-making a video-based test was used. Executive functions were assessed using computer-based tests (Stroop, TicTacToe, Dots-Triangles; Huizinga et al., 2006). Developmental changes could be identified for executive functions and partly for option-generation processes. Furthermore, results indicate a relationship between decision-making behavior and executive functions.Practical implications for the applied setting will be discussed. Additionally, it will be discussed to what extent cognitive-psychological measures, such as of executive functions, can be used for talent identification and selection. Recommendations for age-specific cognitive training will be provided.