TY - BOOK
T1 - Sports-Cardiological Assessment of Cardiac Health in Elite Athletes Using Strain Analysis by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
AU - Zacher, Jonas
N1 - Kumulative Dissertation
PY - 2025/6/16
Y1 - 2025/6/16
N2 - Echocardiography is a common and relatively easily accessible diagnostic tool in cardiology and sports
cardiology. In recent years the technique of cardiac strain analysis based on speckle tracking
echocardiography has emerged and been established as a highly sensitive means of assessing cardiac
health and function. Cardiac strain analysis refers to the assessment of stretching and contracting of
heart muscle tissue in different dimensions as measured by specifically designed software. It allows
for an analysis of myocardial contractility beyond the classical visual assessment by the cardiologist or
planimetric ejection fraction measurement. Thus, for example, left ventricular global longitudinal
strain (LVGLS) is commonly used in patients undergoing chemotherapy to detect chemotherapy
induced myocardial damage and consecutive loss of function. It has also proved to be a sensitive tool
in the differentiation between physiological (i. e. exercise-induced) or pathological (e. g. hypertension
induced) hypertrophy of the walls of the left ventricle.
While well established in classical cardiology, cardiac strain analysis is not as integrated into sports
cardiological day-to-day athlete care. The overall objective of this dissertation was to further the
implementation of strain analysis in the practical athlete care by contributing to closing the data gap
regarding cardiac strain values in female athletes and by using the technique of strain analysis in the
cardiac assessment of elite athletes after having contracted Covid-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019).
Prior studies demonstrated that left ventricular strain values generally did not change in physiological
adaptations to exercise but were reduced in pathological hypertrophy. However, research in this field
has focused almost solely on male athletes. Thus, one aim of this dissertation was to investigate strain
values in the hearts of female elite athletes with a focus on potential effects of myocardial hypertrophy
on strain values. To this end a cross-sectional echocardiography study was performed with 19 female
elite football players, 16 female elite volleyball players and 16 physically inactive controls.
Conventional echocardiographic data was documented as well as left ventricular longitudinal, radial
and circumferential strain values gained by speckle tracking echocardiography. The hearts of the
female athletes had a thicker septal wall, a larger overall mass and larger atria than the hearts in the
control group. Global longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain values did not differ between the
athletes and controls or between sporting disciplines. No correlation between septal wall thickness
and global left ventricular strain values could be documented. Thus, cardiac adaptations to elite level
exercise in female volleyball and football players apparently do not influence global strain values.
While prior studies had documented this for male athletes of several disciplines, this study adds to the
very limited control-group comparisons of left ventricular strain values in elite female athletes.
A second aim of this dissertation was to assess cardiac health and function in elite athletes who had
undergone Covid-19 using strain analysis derived by speckle tracking echocardiography. During the
Covid-19 pandemic most elite athletes were infected with the novel Severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Initial worries of high rates of multi-organ complications
including the heart and ending sporting careers were abated by large studies. However, the effects of
Covid-19 on the heart and its function in elite athletes remained unclear, especially in the prolonged
post-infection follow-up and during and after return to competition. Thus, a cohort of 127 elite athletes
(boasting an accumulated 58 Olympic and world championship medals), 76 of them having recently
undergone a SARS-CoV-2 infection, were included. Echocardiography including strain analysis was
conducted at baseline for all athletes including the control cohort, as well as longitudinally in the Covid
19 cohort. No pathological changes after the infection were documented, but a small yet significant
elevation of LVGLS was documented in athletes shortly after the infection in comparison to healthy
controls and in comparison to the later follow-up measurements.
6
The first study of the dissertation demonstrates that cardiac strain values do not seem to be different
in female athletes despite sports-related cardiac changes in comparison to non-athletic controls. This
is an important step in expanding reference values from non-athletic cohorts and from male athletes
to include female athletes. This helps to establish the use of the highly sensitive tool of cardiac strain
analysis in the sports-cardiological care of female athletes. The second study of the dissertation uses
cardiac strain analysis to demonstrate that elite athletes seem to recover well from Covid-19 without
cardiac injury. All documented global longitudinal strain values were within the normal range for
athletes. A return to training and competition had no deleterious effect on cardiac health in athletes
after Covid-19 in this trial. The slight but significant elevation of LVGLS values in the Covid-19 cohort
shortly after infection may be due to a temporary modulation of the autonomic nervous system, which
has previously been documented as a result of Covid-19 disease.
In summary, this dissertation and its included studies furthered the understanding of cardiac strain
analysis in elite female athletes and the integration of cardiac strain analysis into the everyday athlete
care of the sports cardiologist.
AB - Echocardiography is a common and relatively easily accessible diagnostic tool in cardiology and sports
cardiology. In recent years the technique of cardiac strain analysis based on speckle tracking
echocardiography has emerged and been established as a highly sensitive means of assessing cardiac
health and function. Cardiac strain analysis refers to the assessment of stretching and contracting of
heart muscle tissue in different dimensions as measured by specifically designed software. It allows
for an analysis of myocardial contractility beyond the classical visual assessment by the cardiologist or
planimetric ejection fraction measurement. Thus, for example, left ventricular global longitudinal
strain (LVGLS) is commonly used in patients undergoing chemotherapy to detect chemotherapy
induced myocardial damage and consecutive loss of function. It has also proved to be a sensitive tool
in the differentiation between physiological (i. e. exercise-induced) or pathological (e. g. hypertension
induced) hypertrophy of the walls of the left ventricle.
While well established in classical cardiology, cardiac strain analysis is not as integrated into sports
cardiological day-to-day athlete care. The overall objective of this dissertation was to further the
implementation of strain analysis in the practical athlete care by contributing to closing the data gap
regarding cardiac strain values in female athletes and by using the technique of strain analysis in the
cardiac assessment of elite athletes after having contracted Covid-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019).
Prior studies demonstrated that left ventricular strain values generally did not change in physiological
adaptations to exercise but were reduced in pathological hypertrophy. However, research in this field
has focused almost solely on male athletes. Thus, one aim of this dissertation was to investigate strain
values in the hearts of female elite athletes with a focus on potential effects of myocardial hypertrophy
on strain values. To this end a cross-sectional echocardiography study was performed with 19 female
elite football players, 16 female elite volleyball players and 16 physically inactive controls.
Conventional echocardiographic data was documented as well as left ventricular longitudinal, radial
and circumferential strain values gained by speckle tracking echocardiography. The hearts of the
female athletes had a thicker septal wall, a larger overall mass and larger atria than the hearts in the
control group. Global longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain values did not differ between the
athletes and controls or between sporting disciplines. No correlation between septal wall thickness
and global left ventricular strain values could be documented. Thus, cardiac adaptations to elite level
exercise in female volleyball and football players apparently do not influence global strain values.
While prior studies had documented this for male athletes of several disciplines, this study adds to the
very limited control-group comparisons of left ventricular strain values in elite female athletes.
A second aim of this dissertation was to assess cardiac health and function in elite athletes who had
undergone Covid-19 using strain analysis derived by speckle tracking echocardiography. During the
Covid-19 pandemic most elite athletes were infected with the novel Severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Initial worries of high rates of multi-organ complications
including the heart and ending sporting careers were abated by large studies. However, the effects of
Covid-19 on the heart and its function in elite athletes remained unclear, especially in the prolonged
post-infection follow-up and during and after return to competition. Thus, a cohort of 127 elite athletes
(boasting an accumulated 58 Olympic and world championship medals), 76 of them having recently
undergone a SARS-CoV-2 infection, were included. Echocardiography including strain analysis was
conducted at baseline for all athletes including the control cohort, as well as longitudinally in the Covid
19 cohort. No pathological changes after the infection were documented, but a small yet significant
elevation of LVGLS was documented in athletes shortly after the infection in comparison to healthy
controls and in comparison to the later follow-up measurements.
6
The first study of the dissertation demonstrates that cardiac strain values do not seem to be different
in female athletes despite sports-related cardiac changes in comparison to non-athletic controls. This
is an important step in expanding reference values from non-athletic cohorts and from male athletes
to include female athletes. This helps to establish the use of the highly sensitive tool of cardiac strain
analysis in the sports-cardiological care of female athletes. The second study of the dissertation uses
cardiac strain analysis to demonstrate that elite athletes seem to recover well from Covid-19 without
cardiac injury. All documented global longitudinal strain values were within the normal range for
athletes. A return to training and competition had no deleterious effect on cardiac health in athletes
after Covid-19 in this trial. The slight but significant elevation of LVGLS values in the Covid-19 cohort
shortly after infection may be due to a temporary modulation of the autonomic nervous system, which
has previously been documented as a result of Covid-19 disease.
In summary, this dissertation and its included studies furthered the understanding of cardiac strain
analysis in elite female athletes and the integration of cardiac strain analysis into the everyday athlete
care of the sports cardiologist.
M3 - Dissertations
BT - Sports-Cardiological Assessment of Cardiac Health in Elite Athletes Using Strain Analysis by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
PB - Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln
CY - Köln
ER -