Abstract
Einleitung: Die Ursache der in Schwerelosigkeit und in Liegestudien häufig auftretenden Rückenschmerzen ist bis heute noch weitgehend unklar. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Validierung eines Mobilisationsprogramms zur Linderung bzw. Verhinderung von Rückenschmerzen, wie sie im Rahmen von Schwerelosigkeit oder simulierter Schwerelosigkeit bei Bettliegestudien auftreten. Methode: Die Teilstudie ''Backpain'' war integriert in die ''Long-term-bed-rest-study'' 2001-2002. Die Untersuchungen des Projektes fanden im Rahmen von zwei 90tägigen Bettliegephasen in der Weltraumklinik MEDES-IMPS in Toulouse statt. Die Grundidee basierte auf einer 6°-Kopftieflage der Probanden, um die vaskulären und kardialen Bedingungen unter Schwerelosigkeit zu simulieren. Die Teilnehmer der Studie (n=25) wurden randomisiert einer von 3 Gruppen zugeteilt. Die Trainingsgruppe (n=9) trainierte während der Bettliegephase 3mal pro Woche die untere Extremität an einer speziell entwickelten Beinpresse. Die Kontrollgruppe (n=9) wurde während der Bettliegephase keinem Aktivitätsprogramm unterzogen. Die Mobilisationsgruppe (n=7) führte das präventive Rückenmobilisationsprogramm durch. Das zu validierende Bewegungsprogramm bestand aus langsamen Rückenbewegungen in allen drei Ebenen mit großen Amplituden und wurde fünfmal täglich durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurde bei allen Studienteilnehmern an insgesamt zwölf Tagen (vor, während und nach der Liegephase) die Wirbelsäulengeometrie des Rückens mittels Ultraschall sowie die elektromyographische Aktivität der wirbelsäulennahen Muskulatur erfasst. Neben der Erfassung der physiologischen Parameter wurden die Teilnehmer mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens hinsichtlich ihrer Rückenschmerz-symptomatik befragt. Ergebnisse: Bei nahezu allen Teilnehmern traten Rückenschmerzen auf. Sie wurden fast ausschließlich im lumbalen Abschnitt deutlich rechts und links versetzt der Wirbelsäule lokalisiert und als dumpf beschrieben. Die Schmerzen waren mit reduzierten Bewegungsamplituden im lumbalen Bewegungssegment sowie einer vergrößerten thorakalen und tendenziell verkleinerten lumbalen Wirbelsäulenlänge verbunden. Die größten Schmerzen traten zu Beginn der Liegephase auf. Die Probanden der Kontroll- und Mobilisationsgruppe waren ab dem achten Tag der Liegephase schmerzfrei. Dies galt nicht für die Teilnehmer der Krafttrainingsgruppe, die während der gesamten Liegephase ein besonderes und zeitlich vom Training abhängiges Schmerzmuster zeigten. Des Weiteren traten bei den Probanden der Kontroll- und Krafttrainingsgruppe wiederum direkt am ersten Tag nach Ende der 90tägigen Liegephase verstärkt Schmerzen auf. Die Probanden der Mobilisationsgruppe waren hingegen nahezu schmerzfrei. Der Unterschied zu den beiden anderen Gruppen war signifikant. Die elektromyographischen Langzeitaufnahmen der wirbelsäulennahen Rückenmuskulatur konnten nicht belegen, dass der Schmerz durch eine aktive Tonuserhöhung der Muskulatur zustande kam. Schlussfolgerung: Das gewählte Mobilisationsprogramm des Rückens konnte den Schmerz während der ersten Liegetage nicht mindern. Dafür verhinderte es signifikant das Auftreten von Rückenschmerzen nach der Liegephase und verbesserte die Flexibilität der Probanden. Die im Rahmen der Studie gewonnenen Ergebnisse bestätigen die Erkenntnis, dass Minderbelastung und Bewegungsreduktion an der Schmerzentwicklung beteiligt sind. Des Weiteren wird aufgezeigt, dass ein dosiertes und funktionelles Bewegungsprogramm eine wirksame und kostengünstige Präventionsmaßnahme für die Schmerzentstehung nach längerem Bettaufenthalt darstellen kann. Schlüsselwörter: Bettliegestudie, EMG, Immobilisation, Mobilisationsprogramm, Rückenschmerzen, Rückenschmerz-prävention, Schwerelosigkeit, Wirbelsäule, Wirbelsäulenlänge
Introduction: Until today it has to a large extent not been possible to detect the cause of back pain, particularly arising during situations of weightlessness and bed rest. The purpose of the present study is the validation of a mobilisation programme used to reduce or even prevent the occurrence of back pain, as it occures during weightlessness or simulated weightlessness such as bed rest studies. Method: The ''back pain'' study constituted a part of the ''long term bed rest study'' 2001-2002. Research was conducted at the MEDES-IMPS space clinic in Toulouse in form of two 90 day bed rest periods. Subjects were positioned in a 6° head down tilt position in order to simulate vascular and cardiac conditions of weightlessness. Participants (n=25) were randomly allocated to one of three groups. The training group (n=9) performed physical exercises with the lower part of their bodies by using a specially developed leg press, three times a week during the bed rest period. The control group (n=9) did not carry out any activities at all during the bed rest phase. The mobilisation group (n=7) completed the back mobilisation programme, as a preventive measure. Slow dorsal movements executed on all three levels in form of wide amplitudes, repeated five times each day concluded the motion programme. In addition, the dimensions of the spinal column as well as the EMG activity of the muscles adjacent to the spinal column were recorded by means of ultrasound at a total of twelve days (before, during and after bed rest). Besides measuring the physiological parameters, each participant daily filled a standardised questionnaire in order to provide information about intensity and location of back pain. Results: Almost all of the test persons demonstrated signs of back pain. Pain could exclusively be reduced to the lumbar part, the area to the left and right of the spinal column and was described as being of a dull kind. Recordings demonstrated that pain arose in conjunction with reduced motion amplitudes in the lumbar movement sector, as well as in conjunction with an increased thoracic and mostly reduced lumbar length of the spinal column. The highest amount of pain was experienced in the initial phase of bed rest. Those participants, who attended the control and mobilisation groups, evidenced a pain-free atmosphere from the eighth day of bed rest onwards. The exercise group, however, was exposed to a different kind of pain pattern during the entire phase of bed rest, which was particularly dependent from the time periods their special exercises took place. Furthermore the participants of the control and exercise groups disclosed increasing pain sensations directly on the first day after the 90 day rest period had ceased. The participants of the mobilisation group, on the other hand, experienced almost no pain at all. The difference between the other two groups proved to be significant. The EMG long-term recordings, which depicted the back musculature adjacent to the spinal column, were not able to demonstrate, however, that the pain experienced by the participants was produced by an active hypertonia of the musculature. Conclusion: The back pain, which occurred during the first days of bed rest, was not able to be reduced by the chosen mobilisation programme. Instead, it was possible to notably prevent the development of back pain after the period of rest had concluded and to improve the flexibility of the test persons.The results gained during the course of this study confirm that reduced exposure and movement contribute to the development of back pain. In addition, it accentuates the fact that a functional motion programme pro-vides an effective and measure to prevent any development of pain that may occur after longer periods of bed rest. Keywords: bed rest study, EMG, immobilisation, mobilisation programme, back pain, prevention, weightlessness, spinal column, length of the spinal column
Introduction: Until today it has to a large extent not been possible to detect the cause of back pain, particularly arising during situations of weightlessness and bed rest. The purpose of the present study is the validation of a mobilisation programme used to reduce or even prevent the occurrence of back pain, as it occures during weightlessness or simulated weightlessness such as bed rest studies. Method: The ''back pain'' study constituted a part of the ''long term bed rest study'' 2001-2002. Research was conducted at the MEDES-IMPS space clinic in Toulouse in form of two 90 day bed rest periods. Subjects were positioned in a 6° head down tilt position in order to simulate vascular and cardiac conditions of weightlessness. Participants (n=25) were randomly allocated to one of three groups. The training group (n=9) performed physical exercises with the lower part of their bodies by using a specially developed leg press, three times a week during the bed rest period. The control group (n=9) did not carry out any activities at all during the bed rest phase. The mobilisation group (n=7) completed the back mobilisation programme, as a preventive measure. Slow dorsal movements executed on all three levels in form of wide amplitudes, repeated five times each day concluded the motion programme. In addition, the dimensions of the spinal column as well as the EMG activity of the muscles adjacent to the spinal column were recorded by means of ultrasound at a total of twelve days (before, during and after bed rest). Besides measuring the physiological parameters, each participant daily filled a standardised questionnaire in order to provide information about intensity and location of back pain. Results: Almost all of the test persons demonstrated signs of back pain. Pain could exclusively be reduced to the lumbar part, the area to the left and right of the spinal column and was described as being of a dull kind. Recordings demonstrated that pain arose in conjunction with reduced motion amplitudes in the lumbar movement sector, as well as in conjunction with an increased thoracic and mostly reduced lumbar length of the spinal column. The highest amount of pain was experienced in the initial phase of bed rest. Those participants, who attended the control and mobilisation groups, evidenced a pain-free atmosphere from the eighth day of bed rest onwards. The exercise group, however, was exposed to a different kind of pain pattern during the entire phase of bed rest, which was particularly dependent from the time periods their special exercises took place. Furthermore the participants of the control and exercise groups disclosed increasing pain sensations directly on the first day after the 90 day rest period had ceased. The participants of the mobilisation group, on the other hand, experienced almost no pain at all. The difference between the other two groups proved to be significant. The EMG long-term recordings, which depicted the back musculature adjacent to the spinal column, were not able to demonstrate, however, that the pain experienced by the participants was produced by an active hypertonia of the musculature. Conclusion: The back pain, which occurred during the first days of bed rest, was not able to be reduced by the chosen mobilisation programme. Instead, it was possible to notably prevent the development of back pain after the period of rest had concluded and to improve the flexibility of the test persons.The results gained during the course of this study confirm that reduced exposure and movement contribute to the development of back pain. In addition, it accentuates the fact that a functional motion programme pro-vides an effective and measure to prevent any development of pain that may occur after longer periods of bed rest. Keywords: bed rest study, EMG, immobilisation, mobilisation programme, back pain, prevention, weightlessness, spinal column, length of the spinal column
Original language | German |
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Place of Publication | Köln |
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Publisher | Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln |
Number of pages | 105 |
Publication status | Published - 2007 |