Exploring Elite Sport in the Theater: A Mixed-Method Analysis of Work and Performance Ability, and Workplace Challenges in Professional Dance

Introduction The definition of professional dance encompasses its classification as a performing art; however, it is characterized by physical and mental abilities comparable to elite sports. The training load of professional dancers ranges from 19.1 to 27.5 hours per week, with occasional increases to 35.5 hours. Additionally, the professional environment is marked by a lack of autonomy due to the presence of power structures, which introduces various cultural, interpersonal and situational stressors. In summary this results in mental concerns including depression, anxiety, and chronic fatigue. However, less is known about the interplay of these factors. The objective of this study is to explore the nature of elite sport within the context of occupational theater structures, examining potentials for enhancing performance and health.
Methods An exploratory sequential mixed-method approach was utilized. The qualitative part involved interviews with dancers and leaders in German theaters (n = 25). The focus was on the working conditions and to identify potential areas for enhancing performance and health. Collected data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. The following quantitative part incorporated sociodemographic data, and the work ability index (WAI). Items for enhancing performance and health synthesized from the qualitative results were asked to be ranked with respect to individual preferences/requirements. A total N of 75 theater dancers participated (28.76 ± 7.74 years; 62.7% female, 36% male, 1.3% as non-binary). Statistical analysis included Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.
Results The qualitative analysis demonstrated that the prevailing working conditions exhibited a preservation of tradition. Additionally, no specific focus on relevant exercise physiology aspects including planning and controlling of the training load was identified. This accompanied with knowledge deficits in sport science topics among the dancers and leaders. The mean WAI score was 37.19 (SD ± 7.18) from 49 points, with a majority of participants demonstrating moderate (36%) to good (33.3%) work ability. Demi-soloists demonstrated a significantly lower WAI score of 25.8 (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 5.2141, df = 1, p-value = 0.0224). The top-ranked option, chosen by 49.3% of respondents, was 'Dancer support and care comparable to elite sports'. In second place, at 41.3%, was the 'Optimization of regeneration and transition phases', and in third place, at 34.7%, was 'Planning certainty'.
Discussion In comparison to elite athletes, the working conditions for professional dancers are not sufficiently aligned with the demands of the job. The aim should be to integrate sports science knowledge within the performing arts by implementing training science and sport psychology. This could lead to a balance between artistic pursuits and sports science support, while implementing structural changes to enhance overall performance and health.