Game management, context effects, and calibration: the case of yellow cards in soccer: Spielleitung, Kontexteffekte und Kalibrierung: der Fall der gelben Karten im Fußball

Christian Unkelbach, Daniel Memmert

    Publication: Contribution to journalJournal articlesResearch

    Abstract

    Referees in German first-league soccer games do not award as many yellow cards in the beginning of a game as should be statistically expected. One explanation for this effect is the concept of game management (Mascarenhas, Collins, & Mortimer, 2002). Alternatively, the consistency model (Haubensak, 1992) explains the effect as a necessity of the judgment situation: Referees need to calibrate a judgment scale, and, to preserve degrees of freedom in that scale, they need to avoid extreme category judgments in the beginning (i.e., yellow cards). Experiment 1 shows that referees who judge scenes in the context of a game award fewer yellow cards than referees who see the same scenes in random order. Experiment 2 shows the combined influence of game management (by explicitly providing information about the game situation) and calibration (early vs. late scenes in the time course of a game). Theoretical implications for expert refereeing and referee training are discussed.

    Original languageEnglish
    JournalJournal of sport & excersise psychology
    Volume30
    Issue number1
    Pages (from-to)95-109
    Number of pages15
    ISSN0895-2779
    Publication statusPublished - 01.02.2008

    Research areas and keywords

    • Adolescent
    • Adult
    • Athletic Performance
    • Conflict (Psychology)
    • Decision Making
    • Germany
    • Humans
    • Judgment
    • Male
    • Mental Recall
    • Middle Aged
    • Soccer
    • Visual Perception

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    • Kalibrierung

      Memmert, D., Unkelbach, C., Andersson, P., Fasold, F. & Ostheimer, V.

      01.01.0931.12.15

      Project: Funded by third parties

    Citation